The landscape of global resource governance is shifting beneath our feet, driven by the urgent need to transition away from fossil fuels. This transition is not just a matter of swapping one energy source for another; it requires a complete reevaluation of how we define and manage the world’s continents and oceans. The intricate interplay of scientific definitions, international law, and cultural perceptions of geography is at the heart of this evolution.
In the past decade, the scientific community has turned its gaze toward Zealandia, a submerged landmass that has sparked debates about what constitutes a continent. This hidden continent, 94% of which lies underwater, challenges our traditional notions of land and sovereignty. As we redefine our geographical zones, we must also confront the implications of these definitions on resource ownership and management. The historical context is crucial here; the knowledge of Earth’s tectonic plates emerged during a time when fossil fuel reserves were first discovered offshore. This drove a political agenda that sought to establish clear boundaries for nations’ rights over resources found on continental shelves.
Fast forward to today, and we find ourselves in a world where critical minerals—nickel, copper, cobalt, and rare earth elements—are becoming more valuable than oil. These minerals are predominantly located in the deep ocean, far from the continental shelves that once defined territorial claims. Yet, the absence of a robust framework for governance over the deep ocean is glaring. With the ocean covering 70% of our planet, a new agreement on custodianship is not just desirable; it’s essential.
The International Seabed Authority (ISA), established under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), is tasked with regulating deep-sea mining. The ISA aims to finalize a mining code by July next year, but a coalition of 32 countries has already called for a moratorium on deep-sea mining in international waters. This call reflects a growing awareness of the environmental concerns tied to such activities. While the need for resources to fuel the renewable energy transition is pressing, the potential ecological impact of deep-sea mining cannot be overlooked.
The scientific definitions that underpin our understanding of continents and oceans are evolving, shaped by advances in technology and shifts in global politics. The criteria for defining a continent now include geological properties, elevation, and the geometry of the crust, which complicates traditional views and raises questions about sovereignty. The modern world demands a more nuanced understanding of these boundaries, especially as nations look to exploit the mineral wealth of the ocean floor.
As we navigate this complex landscape, the conversation around governance and stewardship of ocean resources must become a priority. The stakes are high, and the decisions we make today will shape the future of the mining sector and the health of our planet. Good governance, built on consensus and cooperation, is not just an ideal; it’s a necessity for ensuring that the transition to renewable energy is both sustainable and equitable. The world is watching, and how we choose to engage with these challenges will define our legacy for generations to come.
