The quest for critical metals is intensifying as the world pivots toward a sustainable future driven by clean energy technologies. A recent article published in the journal Geosystems and Geoenvironment sheds light on the complex geological processes that have shaped the global distribution of these essential resources. Lead author Daniel Müller, a consulting geologist based in Santiago, Chile, emphasizes that understanding the mineral systems that host critical metals is vital for future exploration efforts.
As the demand for critical metals like copper, nickel, and rare earth elements surges, driven by the Net Zero initiatives, the mining sector faces a dual challenge. While brownfield exploration around existing mines may yield some short-term inventory increases, many of the world’s largest mines are nearing the end of their productive lives. “Without a revolution in metal recycling, successful global greenfield exploration is of key importance,” Müller states, highlighting the urgency of discovering new deposits.
Greenfield exploration, which involves searching for new mineral deposits in unexplored areas, is becoming increasingly difficult. Many potential discoveries are hidden beneath younger sedimentary layers or located in remote regions, resulting in declining discovery rates despite rising exploration budgets. Müller points out that “many of the Precambrian critical mineral deposits are situated in subdued topography, covered by thick regolith or desert sands,” adding layers of complexity to the exploration process.
The article outlines various mineral systems with high preservation potential, such as orogenic gold and VMS-type copper-lead-zinc systems. These systems have well-established temporal ranges in Earth’s history, providing a framework for exploration. However, the challenge lies in their concealment beneath sedimentary cover, which requires advanced remote sensing and geophysical techniques to uncover.
Interestingly, the research also highlights a contrasting scenario for critical mineral systems formed in convergent margin arc settings. These deposits, including porphyry and epithermal systems, are more accessible due to their geographical positioning in mountainous terrains. However, as Müller notes, “most near-surface deposits have already been discovered,” leading to a race against time for mining companies to innovate and explore deeper.
The mining industry is also grappling with external pressures, including environmental regulations and public perception. Major mining companies are often risk-averse, and junior exploration firms face tight budgets. Müller emphasizes that future exploration will need to leverage sophisticated conceptual models, possibly enhanced by artificial intelligence and geological Big Data analysis.
This research not only underscores the critical importance of advancing exploration techniques but also points to a broader narrative about the future of the mining sector. As critical metals become increasingly vital for clean energy technologies, the industry’s ability to adapt and innovate will be crucial. The findings in this article serve as a clarion call for the mining sector to embrace new methodologies and technologies to meet the rising demand for critical resources.
For those interested in delving deeper into this research, it is available in the journal Geosystems and Geoenvironment, which translates to “Geosystems and Geoenvironment.” You can learn more about Daniel Müller and his work at Las Condes, Santiago, Chile.
